VivaHiba - 30 Haziran, 2015
Hong Kong
Malum bugün Türkiye’de Facebook ve Twitter üzerinden Çin karşıtı bir
kampanya başladı. Bir çok dehşet verici fotoğraf Çin’in Uygur zulmü adı
altında paylaşılıp Çin’e karşı tepki gösterildi. Twitter hesabımda
konuya dair bir kaç şey söyledim ve başkalarının söylediği makul
bulduğum şeyleri de sizlerle paylaştım. Fakat ihtiyaca binaen burada da
bir kaç kelam daha etmek istiyorum.
Öncelikle Çin’de İslam ve müslümanların genel durumunu ve Uygurlar gibi konuları geçen yıl Ramazan ayında yazmıştım.
Buradan
o yazıyı okuyup sonra bu yazıya dönebilirsiniz.
Bir kere şu hususu hemen belirteyim. Bugün itibariyle sosyal medyada
paylaşılan fotoğrafların çoğunun Uygurlarla hatta Çin’le alakası yok.
Aynı zamanda rivayet edilen haberlerin çoğunda da dezenformasyon var.
Tabi ki Çin Uygurlara el bebek gül bebek bakmıyor, tabi ki uzun vadeli
bir asimilasyon politikası var, ve tabi ki son yıllarda belirli
nedenlerden (haklı demiyorum) artan inanç ve ibadet özgürlüğüne dair
kısıtlamalar var. Fakat bunlar yeni şeyler değil. Yani bilinç oluşacaksa
oluşması gereken en önemli bilinç Çin’in Uygurlara yönelik asimilasyon
politikalarına dair olmalı ve kampanya yapılacaksa bunun aleyhinde
kampanya yapılmalı. O şekilde Uygurlara şu anki durumdan daha çok
faydalı olunur diye düşünüyorum. Üstelik herşeye rağmen Çin’in yıllardır
uyguladığı azınlık politikaları 2015 Türkiye’sinin azınlık
politikalarından daha sempatik duran özelliklere bile sahip. Mesela
Çin’in tek çocuk yasağının Uygurlara ve diğer azınlıklara uygulanmaması,
Çin’in üniversite giriş sınavında azınlıkların ek puan alması,
yıllardır ana dilde eğitim veren okulların olması, veya sembolik de olsa
yıllardır Çin parasının üzerinde Uygurca da yazıların olması gibi…
Üstelik sosyal medya da yapılan kampanya sadece dezenfarmosyla sınırlı
değil. Paylaşılan bir çok mesajda maalesef ırkçılık diz boyu gidiyor.
Çok basit ve temel bir prensip olsa da şunu belirtmekte fayda var.
Birilerinin yaptığı yanlışa karşılık bizim yaptığımız yanlışlarımız
yaraya merhem olmaz, tam tersi haklı iken haksız konuma düşürür. Bir
diğer mesele de akıl tutulması. Türk işletmecinin işlettiği Çin
restoranını basıp içindeki Uygur çalışanı Çinli zannederek dövmek gibi
mesela.. Türkiye’de yaşayan Japon aktrese Çin’li zannederek (muhtemelen)
ırkçı tepki mesajları atmak gibi mesela.. Bunlar hep başı boş sosyal
medya kampanyasının ürünü oldu maalesef.
Gelgelelim bu tepkiler neden ortaya çıktı birden bire?
Aslında yakın dönemde orada yaşanan bir hadise yok. En yakın olarak
yaklaşık bir hafta kadar önce polis kontrol noktasında durmayıp daha
sonra bir polise çarptığı iddia edilen araçtan çıkan Uygurların
bıçaklarla polise saldırması üzerine çıkan çatışmada 20-30 arasında
ölünün olduğu bir olay yaşandı. Fakat bu olay ne türünün tek örneği ne
de Uygurlara yapılmış bir “zulüm”. Üstelik bu hadiseyi geçen yıl Mart
ayında Kunming’de 30 kadar sivilin öldürülüp 140 kadarının yaralandığı
Uygurların yaptığı bıçaklı saldırılar ışığında düşünürseniz Çin’in bu
konudaki hassasiyetini daha iyi anlayabilirsiniz. Çin devleti bu
hadiseyi bir nevi kendi 11 Eylül’ü ilan edip dünyaya “Uygur terörizmini”
daha çok anlatma bahanesi buldu. Ve akabinde de eskiden olan inanç ve
ibadet özgürlüğü kısıtlamalarını sıklaştırdı.
Ne gibi mesela? Mesela “İslami köktendinciliği” artırdığı gerekçesiyle
kamu çalışanları, öğretmenler ve öğrencilerin oruç tutmamaları istenmeye
başlandı. Bunun yanında propaganda afişleri ile halka dinin gericilik
olduğunu ve modernleşmek için dini ritüelleri takip etmemelerinin
öğütlenmesi artırıldı. Oruç tutturmama konusunda yaklaşık iki yıldır Çin
Komünist Partisi Doğu Türkistan’daki (Xinjiang) birimlere bu konuya
hassasiyet göstermeleri ve bir şeyler yapmalarını isteyen bildiriler
gönderdi. Mesela memurlar, öğretmenler, öğrencilere yönelik gün içinde
yemekler verilip yemek yemeleri istendi.. Mesela kamu çalışanlarından
oruç tutmama sözü vermeleri istendi.. İşte olan biten hadise üç aşağı
beş yukarı bundan ibaret.
Fakat Türkiye’de bugün itibariyle gündeme getirilen Uygur katliamı vs.
gibi bir şey söz konusu değil. Üstelik bu hususta devletten bir şeyler
beklemek çok da gerçekçi durmuyor. Zira Erdoğan’ın adeta soykırım diye
nitelendirdiği Doğu Türkistan’da yaşanan kanlı olayların olduğu 2009
yılının hemen akabinde 2010 yılında Çin’le ‘stratejik partnerlik’
anlaşması imzaladık ve bu minvalde ilişkiler git gide arttı. Dolayısıyla
bugünkü MGK toplantısından Uygur meselesine dair bir şey söylenmemesine
de çok şaşmamak lazım. Benim içimdeki bit yeniği birileri Türkiye’deki
milliyetçi duyguları körüklemek istemiş olabilir mi diyor. Malum ülkede
milliyetçilik son dönem artan bir trend. HDP’nin barajı aşması, YPG-ISIS
savaşı, AKP-MHP koalisyon söylentileri, Suriye’ye girme meselesi vs.
gibi mevzular geliyor akla. Ha tabi bir de Ramazan dolayısıyla
insanların dini inançlarını sömürme kolaylığı da cabası. Umarım ben
yanılıyorumdur. Kendi kendine olan ve büyüyen bir dezenformasyondur. O
hali de hoş değil ama işte kötünün iyisi. Son olarak bu konuda mevzuyu
genelde abartarak dünyaya duyuran Uygur lobisi keşke davasına daha iyi
sahip çıkabilse diyeyim.
Olası bir linçe kurban gitmemek için tüm bu yazdıklarımdan sonra şunun
tekrar altını çizeyim. Çin Uygurlara ayrımcılık ve asimilasyon
uyguluyor, topraklarını sömürüyor. Fakat bunun savunması yalan yanlış
bilgilerle meseleyi anlatıp, ırkçı tavırlarla sağa sola saldırmak değil.
Keşke Türkiye ve tüm dünya Uygurların ve ezilen tüm insanların
meseleleri hakkında daha bilgili ve duyarlı olsa. Ve keşke el ele verip
yapanlara gerekli baskıyı oluşturup zulümlere son verse. Ama meşru
yollar aracılığıyla!
Gelen Yorumlara Binaen Sonradan Eklenen Uzun Not:
Genel olarak ‘çok güzel bilgilendik’, benle irtibata geçen Çin’deki
Türklerin ve konuya aşinalığını bildiğim hemen herkesten de ‘sonunda
biri yazmış mevzuyu, ağzına sağlık’ gibi tepkiler alsam da aşağıdaki
yorumlardan görüleceği üzere Maoculuk, ateistlik, komünistlik gibi
ithamlara da maruz kaldım. Evvela velev ki öyle olsam bu neyi
değiştirir? Ben yapılan tahrifata dikkat çekip sağduyu çağrısı
yapıyorum, siz benim kimliğimi, ideolojimi sorguluyorsunuz.
Tek tek bütün yapılan yorumlara cevap vermeyeceğim. Sadece aşağıdaki
yorumlardan mevzunun biraz sonra kedi, köpek, böcek yemek muhabbetine
gelmesinden anlaşılacağı şekilde Doğu Türkistan meselesi de dahil olma
üzere Çin ve benzeri konularda o kadar cahiliz ki (İlber Hocama
saygılar), keşke biraz okusak, öğrensek diyorum. (
Buraya Çin’le ilgili yazdığım ilk yazıdan itibaren yazdığım yazıların reklamını koyalım sayın editör
) Biraz da düşünsek. Mesela hali hazırda Çin tahakkümünde olan Uygur
bölgesi Türkiye’de neden iki yıldır Ramazan ayında gündeme geliyor diye.
Mesela acaba birileri dini ve milli duyguları mı sömürmeye çalışıyor
diye. Ama öte yandan mesele Uygur duyarlılığıysa “İlham Tohti” desem
size, çoğunuz “nasıl?” diyeceksiniz bana.
Fotoğrafların nasıl alakasız olduğu zaten bir kaç haberde yer aldı.
Twitter’da da paylaştım. Burada ilaveten bir şey demeyeceğim. Bir de bu
bağlamda benim Çince bilip bilmediğimi sorgulayan arkadaşlar var. Merak
etmeyin ben gayet iyi derecede Çince biliyorum (lisansımı Çin’de Çin
Dili ve Kültürü üzerine yüksek lisansımı Çinlilerle beraber Siyaset
alanında Çince yaptım, Çince yüksek lisans tezi yazdım, yeterli mi?) da
siz acaba Çince bildiğinizden mi kani olduğunuz fotoların-videoların
gerçekliğine? Mevzuyla ilgili uzaktan konuşmuyorum, bizatihi Uygur
bölgesini de ziyaret etmiş ve hala bir çok arkadaşı olan biri olarak
konuşuyorum.
Öte yandan uyardığım konuda, yani bu tavır Uygurlara zarar veriyor
fayda değil meselesinde isim-mevki vermeden bir şeyler paylaşayım. Konu
ile ilgili üst yetkililerden biri, Türk devletinin benzer
propagandaların akabinde kendi kontakları aracılığıyla durumu kontrol
ettikten sonra ‘aldatılıyoruz galiba’ hissine kapıldığını ve Uygur
diasporasına karşı güvenlerinin kırıldığını söylemişti. Emin olun Türk
devletinin de orada kontakları var, ve durumu analiz ediyordur.
Yapacakları bir şey varsa ben yalan yanlış foto paylaşmayın dedim diye
geri durmaz. Üstelik Türkiye Uygur insan hakları konusunda Çin’e bir şey
demeye kalktığında karşılığında ‘siz çok biliyorsunuz herhalde, anlatın
bakalım Kürt meselesini nasıl hallediyorsunuz(!)’ tavrıyla
karşılaşıyor. Üstelik bu tavrı (yalan yanlış bilgi kirliliği) meşru
bile gördüğünüzü varsaysak acaba hangi sonuca gitmeyi bekliyorsunuz bu
yolla? Doğu Türkistan’ı böylece özgürleştireceğinizi mi sanıyorsunuz?
Hamaset ve ırkçılık körükleyiciler, milli ve dini duygu sömürücüler
düşün yakasından Uygur halkının!
Eğer Müslümansanız hamaset duygularıyla etrafa saldırmaktan ziyade
Ramazan ayı hürmetine gidin dua edin Müslüman kardeşlerinize. Onun
yerine sağa sola saldırmakla ne Uygurlar rahata erer ne Doğu Türkistan
diye bir devlet kurulur. Müslüman değilseniz de insanlığınıza binaen
vicdanınızla hareket edin, ve birilerinin galeyanına gelmeyin.
Son olarak aslında genel olarak cevap verdiğim bu okuyucular, kimse bu mevzuyu böyle canhıraş savunmuyorken
ta geçen yıl yazdığım ve bu yazının girişinde bunu okuyup sonra buraya gelin dediğim yazıyı
okusalardı bu notlara gerek olmayacaktı. Ya da en azından bu yazının
son paragrafını okumuş olsalar, yani benim Çin’i temize çıkarmak ya da
Uygurların hiç bir sorununun olmadığını söyleme gayretim olmadığını
anlasalar yine gerek olmayabilirdi. Peki şimdi son paragrafı okumayanlar
tutup da altındaki notu okur mu? Bir umut işte.
Vesselam
@CanCinConCu
(Türkçe)
@ResearChina
(İngilizce)
Tuesday, June 30, 2015
Çinde Yaşayan Türkler'den Uygur Sorunu Ile Ilgili Aciklama
Çinde Yaşayan Türkler - 30 Haziran, 2015
Arkadaşlar biliyorum içinizi rahatlatmayacak ama son günlerde özellikle sosyal medyada uygurlar hakkında yayınlanan haberlerin ve fotoğrafların çogu yalan ve yanlış.Son bir haftadır artarak devam eden bilgi kirliliğini malesef Çinde yaşayan bir çok arkadaş gibi şaşkınlık ve hayret içinde izliyoruz ve sayfamız adminleri ile yaptığımız araştırmalar neticesinde özellikle sosyal medyada toplumda infial oluşturacak insanları kin ve nefret duygusuna gark edecek birçok yalan haber tesbit ettik.
1-Malesef 15 uygurlunun öldüğü doğru AMA olay uygurluların polis noktasına saldırması neticesinde başlamış olayda birçok Çinlide hayatını kaybetmiştir.
olayın bazı gazete ve internet sayfalarında yer aldığı gibi uygurların oruç tuttuğu gerekçesi ile yapıldığı tamamen gerçek dışıdır.zaten dikkat ettiyseniz 23 ünde çıkan haberlerde bizim anlattığımız gibi yayınlanmış ama ne hikmetse sonraki günlerde aynı olay birçok gazetede onlarca hatta yüzlerce uygurlunun öldüğü şeklinde yayınlanmaya başlamıştır
2-Toplumda infial oluşturan fotoğraflara gelince,
gerçekten kendine Türk diyen bununla övünen insanların yayınladıkları fotoğraflara bakınca aslında kendi soyundan gelen insanları bile tanımadıkları açıkça ortaya çıkmaktadır nedeni ise çok basit yayınlanan fotoğraflardaki kişilere dikkatlice bakarsanız Kiminin hindistan ve ya nepalli kiminin Japon kiminin tibetli hatta ve hatta ölmüş Han Çinlilerin cesetleri olduğunu açıkça fark edebilirsiniz,
Uygurların ise çoğunun dış görünüşünün bizimle aynı olduğunu geleneksel Türkmen şapkası taktığını ve benzeri özelliklerini kendine Türküm diyen herkesin bilmesi gerekir,aslında burdan açık bir şekilde toplumun ne denli bilgisiz ve araştırma yapmadan infiale açık olduğunu görebilirsiniz.
örnek verecek olursak,Türkiyede yaşayan ünlü bir japon oyuncuya Çinli zannedilerek ağır hakaretler edilmesi,
İstanbulda Çin restoranında çalışan bir uygurlunun yine Çinli zannedilerek tartaklanması ve hakarete uğraması vb.
Arkadaşlar nedir bu öfke ve kin ?öncelikle Dinimiz,sonra Türk geleneği kesinlikle savunmasız bir insana zarar vermeyi reddeder bu sözleri yazan insanlar kendilerine nasıl Müslüman veya Türk diyor anlamak imkansız, olayın vahim tarafı ise bunları yapanların gazete ve internette gördüğü yalan haberlere hemen inanarak araştırmadan öfkelerine yenik düşmesi.
3-Oruç tutma yasağına gelince yasak sadece Komünist parti üyeleri ve devlet memurları için geçerli,memurların çoğunun komünist parti üyesi olduğunu zaten biliyoruz mantıklı bir şekilde düşünen insan kendine şu soruyu sormalıdır hangi uygurlu Çin kominist partisine üye olabilir?zaten üye olmuşsa kurallarına uymayı baştan kabul etmez mi?
4-Birleşmiş milletler katliam vb şeylerin olmadığını bildiren bir açıklama yaptı ama kimse inanmak istemedi ya sonrasındaki Milli Güvenlik Kurulu toplantısı? konuya en ufak bir şekilde değinilmemesinin sebebide yine çıkan haberlerin yalan olması veya bu olayların yaşandığına dair hiç bir istihbaratın olmaması nedeni iledir.
5-son olarak Irak ve Suriye de yaşanan ve gerçek olan müslüman katliamına sessiz kalan ama yalan olan haberlerle galeyana gelen sosyal medya kullanıcılarının bu davranışı araştırılması gereken bir toplum piskolojisi konusudur.
Belki bu açıklamadan sonra bir çok kişi bizleri hain ilan edebilir amacımız zulmü savunmak değil,Tek amacımız ülkemizde yaşayan insanlara doğru bilgileri ulaştırmak ramazan ayında dini konularda hassas olduğumuz şu günlerde yalan ve yanlış bilgiler ile halkı galeyana getirerek ilerde telafisi mümkün olmayan üzücü olayların yaşanmasını engellemek.
Özellikle ülkemize gelen Çinli veya Çinli zannedilen uzakdoğulu turistlere kesinlikle zarar vermeyelim hakaret etmeyelim çünkü onlar bu gibi olaylarla ilgisi olmayan hatta birçoğu bu gibi şeylerden haberi olmayan masum insanlar haklıyken haksız duruma düşmeyelim,dinimiz ve geleneğimiz bizlere kesinlikle masuma el kalkmayacağını emreder.özellikle toplumu ilgilendiren bu gibi konularda çıkan haberleri çok iyi araştıralım doğruluğunu yüzde yüz kanıtlamadan hareket etmeyelim.
Friday, June 26, 2015
Interview: Turkey ready to be active part of China's "Belt and Road" initiative: Chinese ambassador
English.news.cn 2015-06-26
ANKARA, June 26 (Xinhua) -- Turkey stands as a natural supporter for China's "Belt and Road" initiative, and is ready to be an active part of the proposal, said Chinese ambassador to the country.
Yu Hongyang, Chinese ambassador to Ankara, told Xinhua in a recent interview that Turkey used to be a key spot along the ancient Silk Road, and its special geographic location has made the country a bridge between the east and the west."Today, Turkey stays as China's important partner to implement the belt and road initiative," he added. Proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013, the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, which are later dubbed as the "Belt and Road" initiative, aims at reviving the ancient trade route between Asia and Europe.
The network threads through over 60 countries and regions, with a total population of 4.4 billion.
Over the past few months, the initiative has been given a real push. China has earmarked 40 billion U.S. dollars for a Silk Road Fund to support infrastructure projects along both routes.
READ MORE....
ANKARA, June 26 (Xinhua) -- Turkey stands as a natural supporter for China's "Belt and Road" initiative, and is ready to be an active part of the proposal, said Chinese ambassador to the country.
Yu Hongyang, Chinese ambassador to Ankara, told Xinhua in a recent interview that Turkey used to be a key spot along the ancient Silk Road, and its special geographic location has made the country a bridge between the east and the west."Today, Turkey stays as China's important partner to implement the belt and road initiative," he added. Proposed by Chinese President Xi Jinping in 2013, the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road, which are later dubbed as the "Belt and Road" initiative, aims at reviving the ancient trade route between Asia and Europe.
The network threads through over 60 countries and regions, with a total population of 4.4 billion.
Over the past few months, the initiative has been given a real push. China has earmarked 40 billion U.S. dollars for a Silk Road Fund to support infrastructure projects along both routes.
READ MORE....
Monday, June 22, 2015
The great well of China
Oil is bringing China and the Arab world closer economically. Politics will follow
The Economist - Jun 20th 2015 | BEIJING, CAIRO AND RIYADH
FOR hundreds of years travellers have haggled over carpets, jewellery, spices and copperwork in the winding alleyways of Khan al-Khalili, Cairo’s traditional souk. Today the goods are more likely to have been mass-made in a factory in China than handcrafted in a local workshop.
Trade is central to growing ties between China and the Middle East. It has increased more than 600% in the past decade, to $230 billion in 2014. Bahrain, Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia all import more from China than from any other country. China is the top destination for exports from several countries in the region too, including Iran, Oman and Saudi Arabia. In April Qatar opened the Middle East’s first clearing bank to handle transactions in yuan.
The trade is driven by China’s thirst for oil. In 2015 it became the world’s biggest importer of crude, half of it—more than 3m barrels a day—from the Middle East (see chart). By 2035 China’s imports from the region will roughly double again, reckons the International Energy Agency, far exceeding that of any other nation. “This is a big shift rather than incremental change,” says Chaoling Feng of Cornell University.
Even the Middle East’s poorer countries offer a fertile market for cheap Chinese wares. In 2013 Xi Jinping, China’s president, proposed reviving the Silk Road, an ancient trade route linking China to Persia and the Arab world. Chinese cars crowd the streets of the Egyptian, Syrian and Iranian capitals. Chinese-made clothing, toys and plastics are ubiquitous. China sells a lot of small arms too, according to the United States Institute of Peace, a think-tank in Washington, DC.
READ MORE....
The Economist - Jun 20th 2015 | BEIJING, CAIRO AND RIYADH
FOR hundreds of years travellers have haggled over carpets, jewellery, spices and copperwork in the winding alleyways of Khan al-Khalili, Cairo’s traditional souk. Today the goods are more likely to have been mass-made in a factory in China than handcrafted in a local workshop.
Trade is central to growing ties between China and the Middle East. It has increased more than 600% in the past decade, to $230 billion in 2014. Bahrain, Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia all import more from China than from any other country. China is the top destination for exports from several countries in the region too, including Iran, Oman and Saudi Arabia. In April Qatar opened the Middle East’s first clearing bank to handle transactions in yuan.
The trade is driven by China’s thirst for oil. In 2015 it became the world’s biggest importer of crude, half of it—more than 3m barrels a day—from the Middle East (see chart). By 2035 China’s imports from the region will roughly double again, reckons the International Energy Agency, far exceeding that of any other nation. “This is a big shift rather than incremental change,” says Chaoling Feng of Cornell University.
Even the Middle East’s poorer countries offer a fertile market for cheap Chinese wares. In 2013 Xi Jinping, China’s president, proposed reviving the Silk Road, an ancient trade route linking China to Persia and the Arab world. Chinese cars crowd the streets of the Egyptian, Syrian and Iranian capitals. Chinese-made clothing, toys and plastics are ubiquitous. China sells a lot of small arms too, according to the United States Institute of Peace, a think-tank in Washington, DC.
READ MORE....
Sunday, June 21, 2015
The Chinese through Abbasid eyes
A recent translation of a 1100-year-old report by an Arab adventurer allows us to see Tang Dynasty China through 9th century Arab eyes
Jan Keulen
Middle East Eye - Tuesday 9 June 2015
Jan Keulen
Middle East Eye - Tuesday 9 June 2015
They
were keen and curious observers. More than a millennium ago merchant-informants
and officials at the service of the Abbasid caliph, from Baghdad or Basra, put
to paper eyewitness accounts of North Europeans (Vikings), Indians, Chinese and
people from today’s Cambodia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. The Abbasid Caliphate
ruled all of West Asia and North Africa from 750 AD until about 1000, when
it began to weaken.
“Baghdad
was one of the biggest cities in the world,” says Dr Maaike van Berkel,
associate professor in Medieval History at Amsterdam University. Van Berkel, a
specialist in the Abbasids’ empire, recalls that the City of Peace, as
it was called, had probably around half a million inhabitants. “But that’s
still gigantic and beyond compare to the towns and cities at the time in
Europe. Baghdad was an important economic and trade centre. There were
commercial contacts with Charlemagne’s empire in Europe but even more with China,
India and Central Asia.”
“From
all over the Middle East people came to Baghdad; it was the most important
religious, intellectual and scientific centre of that part of the world,” Van
Berkel says. “Geographers knew in detail about the Dar al Islam (home or abode
of Islam), a vast area that extended from what is now Spain to Pakistan and
Afghanistan. They mapped the roads and rivers, the cities, the natural
environment, the administration, the people…. They were also pretty
knowledgeable about India but much less so about Europe.”
The
recently translated Accounts of China and India by Abu Zayd
al-Sirafi and other chroniclers gives a fascinating insight into the
interconnectedness and mobility of the Abbasid era. For today’s readers,
removed in time and place, some of the writers’ observations may seem bizarre
and implausible. But in most of their akhbār - credible reports of
what they saw and heard - one can easily recognise modern Indians and
Chinese.
Journalism
of its day
Tim
Mackintosh-Smith, who translated Accounts of China and India into
English and who himself is an accomplished travel book
writer, compares akhbār with today’s journalism and its style
reminds him of an “online, interactive travel website”.
Abu
Zayd wants to drive home that the Accounts do not describe a fantasy
world, but are merely a portrayal of the truth as they percieved it. He claims
to have “avoided relating any of the sort of accounts in which sailors exercise
their powers of invention but whose credibility would not stand up to scrutiny
in other men’s minds”. His motto is "the shorter the better",
reminding us of today’s journalism’s slogan KISS: "keep it short and
simple".
Abu
Zayd’s travel accounts reflect the Arab-Islamic drive under the early Abbasid
dynasty to explore eastward and especially to connect to China. In the Accounts’
introduction, the second Abbasid caliph and builder of Baghdad, Al-Mansour,
standing at the bank of the river, is quoted as saying: “Here is the Tigris,
and nothing bars the way between it and China!” Arab ships would sail eastward
one season, when the winds blew that way, and back west when the mawsim –
the Arabic word that in English became “monsoon” - caused winds to take the
Arab vessels back home.
The
main Abbasid terminal of the monsoon trade was Siraf in the Gulf, birthplace of
Abu Zayd al-Sirafi, in what is now Iran. From Siraf ships crossed the Gulf to
call at the Omani ports of Suhar or Muscat and continue to India, China, the
Malay Peninsula, Java or even further. The main Chinese port was Khanfu,
nowadays the megapolis of Guangzhou. While the Abbasid explorers discovered
China, the Chinese were discovering the “West”, and their chroniclers described
the maritime route to Iraq and to Bangda, as they called Baghdad.
Tang
Dynasty 'socialism'
The
apogee of the Abbasid caliphate coincides with the heydays of the Tang Dynasty
in China (619-907). In the Accounts imperial China is painted as a
highly organised and regulated society. The government cares for the wellbeing
of its citizens. If a sick person is poor, “he is given the cost of his
medicine from the public treasury”.
The
citizens pay a fair poll tax when they reach the age of 18. Old people do not
have to pay taxes but receive a pension. Every city has a school and a teacher
and the children of the poor are fed from the public treasury. “The Chinese,
whether poor or rich, young or old, all learn to form letters and to write.” It
sounds like socialism avant la lettre.
Abu
Zayd lauds the “admirable governance” of the Chinese. They have rule of law.
Right is done “wherever it is due” and no blind eye is turned to “the
misdeeds of those of high status”. A eunuch chief of finance controls the state
finances. The state’s income consists of the poll tax and the exclusive rights
of the ruler to sell salt and tea. The Arabs didn’t know tea before
travelling to China. In the Accounts Abu Zayd describes tea as “a plant
that they drink with hot water and that is sold in every city for large sums of
money. To prepare it, water is boiled, then the leaves are sprinkled on it, and
it serves them as an antidote to all ailments.”
The
Arab travellers were amazed by how industrious the Chinese were. “Of all God’s
creation, the Chinese are among the most dexterous at engraving and
manufacturing and at every kind of craft. Indeed, no one from any nation has
the edge on them in this respect.”
Clash
of hygiene habits
But
not everything was admirable in Arab eyes. They were horrified by the lack of
hygiene of the Chinese. The Chinese use “only paper, not water, to clean their
backsides after defecating” and do not clean their teeth and hands before
eating. The Arab chroniclers were disgusted by some of the sexual practices of
the non-Muslims. They couldn’t approve of the Chinese habit to have sexual
intercourse with their women even when they were menstruating and of their
highly organised prostitution. “The Chinese sodomise boys who are provided for
that purpose and are of the same order as temple prostitutes.”
In
some ways the Arab explorers lived in a better world than ours. While nowadays
the rhinoceros is considered in India as a vulnerable species due to excessive
hunting; the Arab chronicler reports that they are found “in large numbers in
all Indian kingdoms”. He reports having eaten the flesh of the rhinoceros
because “it is permissible for Muslims.” He is impressed by the strength of the
rhinoceros. “No other animal equals it in strength. An elephant will run away
in fear from a rhinoceros.”
Like
in our times, political stability and trade never last forever. In the last
quarter of the 9th century a rebellion weakened the Tang dynasty.
Thousands of the foreign merchants in Khanfu/Guangzhou were massacred and
direct Arab-Chinese trade came to a halt. However, indirect trade continued
with Arab merchants buying, for example, Chinese porcelain in India.
A
few decades after the Chinese rebellion and the massacre of Khanfu, the grip of
the Abbasid caliph on the empire loosened. Van Berkel explains that the outer
regions recognised the caliph only formally. It was exactly in this
period of decline that a fellow traveller from Iraq, Abu Fadlan, undertook his
voyage to the land of the Volga-Bulghars. He wrote about his encounters with
new cultures, among them the Vikings, in his Mission to the Volga.
People
like us
The
akhbar arouse our fantasies and dreams about people in a bygone era who
show an uncanny resemblance with humans in the 21st century. Ibn
Fadlan’s Mission to the Volga inspired Michael Crichton’s novel Eaters of the Dead and the film The
Thirteenth Warrior.
Viking-expert
Nelleke Ijssennagger finds it ironic that some in Europe compare the Vikings to
the fighters of the Islamic State or vice versa: the cruelty, the medieval
savagery… “I think this is because they have no real idea about the Vikings, or
about the Islamic State. Originally the Vikings had a very bad press. They
raided some regions in Northern Europe, destroyed everything, and burned
villages. Their bad reputation hides the fact that they were a well-organised
people, in many ways very sophisticated.”
“Trade
contacts in the early Middle Ages are still very much underestimated,” says
historian Dr Karl Heidecker of Groningen University. “Numerous objects from the
Middle East, Africa and even Afghanistan were encountered in Viking sites.
Things circulated.” Heidecker stresses that this does not mean that North
Europeans were in direct contact with the Afghans or the Chinese. Often things
ended up in a certain place after a long journey, having passed through many
hands
One
of the biggest surprises of the Arab travel accounts is the sophistication of
Vikings, Turks, Chinese, Indians and the Abbasids, more than a millennium ago.
The Accounts paint an interconnected world, but also the transience of
political might and relativity of human progress.
(1)Abu
Zayd al-Sirafi, Accounts of China and India and Ahmed Ibn Fadlan, Mission to
the Volga, in Two Arabic Travel Books (New York/London: New York
University Press), 2014
Saturday, June 20, 2015
China: A Solution in the Middle East?
China’s growing presence and lack of baggage could make it an effective player in the troubled region.
By David Lai and Noah Lingwall
The Diplomat - June 18, 2015
U.S. President Barack Obama admitted at the June 2015 G-7 summit in Germany that his administration did not have a “complete strategy” for Islamic extremists in the Middle East. Although the admission was only a brief note in the president’s remarks, it spoke volumes about the United States’ predicament in dealing with the problems that plague that part of the world. Given their complicated nature, any future U.S. strategy will merely act as a bandage that covers deeply rooted and infested wounds. Until the underlying issues are addressed, the U.S. will find itself trapped in awkward positions again and again.
What should Washington do about the Middle East? It appears that at present, it has no choice but to help the Iraqi government drive ISIS out and restore order in Iraq. But in regard to the problems in Syria and Yemen, and for many other issues in the region, the United States does have choices and must come up with a long-term strategy.
READ MORE.....
By David Lai and Noah Lingwall
The Diplomat - June 18, 2015
U.S. President Barack Obama admitted at the June 2015 G-7 summit in Germany that his administration did not have a “complete strategy” for Islamic extremists in the Middle East. Although the admission was only a brief note in the president’s remarks, it spoke volumes about the United States’ predicament in dealing with the problems that plague that part of the world. Given their complicated nature, any future U.S. strategy will merely act as a bandage that covers deeply rooted and infested wounds. Until the underlying issues are addressed, the U.S. will find itself trapped in awkward positions again and again.
What should Washington do about the Middle East? It appears that at present, it has no choice but to help the Iraqi government drive ISIS out and restore order in Iraq. But in regard to the problems in Syria and Yemen, and for many other issues in the region, the United States does have choices and must come up with a long-term strategy.
READ MORE.....
Wednesday, June 17, 2015
Taliban and Afghan Peace Officials Have Secret Talks in China
By EDWARD WONG and MUJIB MASHAL
The New York Times - MAY 25, 2015
READ MORE.....
The New York Times - MAY 25, 2015
BEIJING — A peace envoy from Afghanistan met in western China last week with former Taliban officials with close ties to Pakistan’s intelligence agency, in an attempt to keep open the possibility of formal Afghan peace talks, officials said Monday.
The meeting, hosted by China
and, in part, organized by Pakistani officials, took place Wednesday
and Thursday in Urumqi, capital of the western region of Xinjiang, which
has mountainous borders with Afghanistan and Pakistan and is home to many Muslims.
The
main representative of the Afghan government was Mohammad Masoom
Stanekzai, who was, at the time, a crucial member of the country’s Peace
Council, the group charged with exploring talks with the insurgency,
and since then has been nominated by President Ashraf Ghani as defense
minister. On the other side of the table were three figures from the old
Taliban
government in Afghanistan, according to current and former officials
with knowledge of the discussions who agreed to speak on the condition
of anonymity because of diplomatic sensitivities.
Mr.
Stanekzai is awaiting confirmation as defense minister and has been the
architect of efforts by the government to begin formal peace
negotiations.
Wednesday, June 3, 2015
China now sees Morocco as a base for manufacturing
By Nadia Rabbaa in Rabat
THE AFRICA REPORT - Wednesday, 03 June 2015
The government is working with investors to set up hubs in the manufacturing sector – from textiles to cars and electronics – that team big companies with smaller players.
It is time for a shift change at Tangier Free Zone.
Rows and rows of small buses queue to enter the industrial park, bringing a new batch of workers to make components for cars and circuit boards for electronics.
Morocco is betting on manufacturing as a means to strengthen the economy and to provide jobs and technology transfers.
That will mean raising industry's contribution to Morocco's economy.
Moulay Hafid Elalamy, Morocco's trade and industry minister, plans to increase it from 14% today to 23% by 2020.
He took office in October 2013, and last year he delivered his industrial strategy to King Mohammed VI's government.
It builds on previous iterations of the national Plan Emergence, which focused on creating industrial ecosystems around big foreign companies such as Canadian aerospace company Bombardier and French car manufacturer Renault.
READ MORE....
THE AFRICA REPORT - Wednesday, 03 June 2015
The government is working with investors to set up hubs in the manufacturing sector – from textiles to cars and electronics – that team big companies with smaller players.
It is time for a shift change at Tangier Free Zone.
Rows and rows of small buses queue to enter the industrial park, bringing a new batch of workers to make components for cars and circuit boards for electronics.
Morocco is betting on manufacturing as a means to strengthen the economy and to provide jobs and technology transfers.
That will mean raising industry's contribution to Morocco's economy.
Moulay Hafid Elalamy, Morocco's trade and industry minister, plans to increase it from 14% today to 23% by 2020.
He took office in October 2013, and last year he delivered his industrial strategy to King Mohammed VI's government.
It builds on previous iterations of the national Plan Emergence, which focused on creating industrial ecosystems around big foreign companies such as Canadian aerospace company Bombardier and French car manufacturer Renault.
READ MORE....
Tuesday, June 2, 2015
China Strategically Undercutting US In Middle East
By Suman Sharma
EURASIA REVIEW - June 1, 2015
The Middle East Region has always figured high in China’s Grand Strategy not only in terms of lucrative markets for China’s economy and energy security but far more importantly in geopolitical terms. Hemmed-in by the vast Pacific Ocean under United States military control and supremacy, in China’s Grand Strategy a “Look West” Strategy as opposed to the “Look East” Strategy of her peer Asian rival has received concerted strategic focus. This is the driving factor in Chinese policy formulations towards the Middle East and Central Asia.
China views the Middle East Region as a strategically lucrative region where China can exploit the disequilibrium generated by the United States strategic acts of commission and omission in the last decade or so. The Region was therefore ripe for China’s strategic undercutting of the United States.
Undoubtedly, the United States has been the predominant strategic and military power in the Middle East historically during the Cold War era and would continue to do so throughout this century notwithstanding the turbulence generated by the Middle East Region lying at the “crossroads of radicalism and technology”
READ MORE.....
EURASIA REVIEW - June 1, 2015
The Middle East Region has always figured high in China’s Grand Strategy not only in terms of lucrative markets for China’s economy and energy security but far more importantly in geopolitical terms. Hemmed-in by the vast Pacific Ocean under United States military control and supremacy, in China’s Grand Strategy a “Look West” Strategy as opposed to the “Look East” Strategy of her peer Asian rival has received concerted strategic focus. This is the driving factor in Chinese policy formulations towards the Middle East and Central Asia.
China views the Middle East Region as a strategically lucrative region where China can exploit the disequilibrium generated by the United States strategic acts of commission and omission in the last decade or so. The Region was therefore ripe for China’s strategic undercutting of the United States.
Undoubtedly, the United States has been the predominant strategic and military power in the Middle East historically during the Cold War era and would continue to do so throughout this century notwithstanding the turbulence generated by the Middle East Region lying at the “crossroads of radicalism and technology”
READ MORE.....
Monday, June 1, 2015
The “One Belt, One Road” Strategy and China’s Energy Policy in the Middle East
By Xuming Qian | Research Fellow - Shanghai International Studies University
MEI – Asia Project | May 20, 2015
The genesis of the “One Belt, One Road” strategy—also known as the Belt and Road Initiative—can be traced to three noteworthy public events that occurred in rapid succession in the latter part of 2013. On September 7, in a speech delivered at Kazakhstan’s Nazarbayev University, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed building the Silk Road Economic Belt. Addressing the Indonesian parliament on October 3, he recommended that China and Southeast Asian countries work together to revive the Maritime Silk Road. On October 24-25, at a work forum on “periphery diplomacy” held by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Beijing, Xi stressed that China is committed to forging amicable and mutually beneficial relations with its neighbors, such that they will benefit from Chinese development and China will benefit from a prosperous neighborhood. In this way, the president conceptually linked the notion of the “Chinese dream” to regional development. This conference marked the official birth of China’s “Silk Road strategy.”
http://www.mei.edu/content/map/%E2%80%9Cone-belt-one-road%E2%80%9D-strategy-and-china%E2%80%99s-energy-policy-middle-east
MEI – Asia Project | May 20, 2015
The genesis of the “One Belt, One Road” strategy—also known as the Belt and Road Initiative—can be traced to three noteworthy public events that occurred in rapid succession in the latter part of 2013. On September 7, in a speech delivered at Kazakhstan’s Nazarbayev University, Chinese President Xi Jinping proposed building the Silk Road Economic Belt. Addressing the Indonesian parliament on October 3, he recommended that China and Southeast Asian countries work together to revive the Maritime Silk Road. On October 24-25, at a work forum on “periphery diplomacy” held by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in Beijing, Xi stressed that China is committed to forging amicable and mutually beneficial relations with its neighbors, such that they will benefit from Chinese development and China will benefit from a prosperous neighborhood. In this way, the president conceptually linked the notion of the “Chinese dream” to regional development. This conference marked the official birth of China’s “Silk Road strategy.”
http://www.mei.edu/content/map/%E2%80%9Cone-belt-one-road%E2%80%9D-strategy-and-china%E2%80%99s-energy-policy-middle-east
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